{"id":110469,"date":"2021-09-05T20:48:40","date_gmt":"2021-09-05T13:48:40","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/tino.org\/?p=3918"},"modified":"2025-06-11T15:38:44","modified_gmt":"2025-06-11T08:38:44","slug":"ngon-ngu-lap-trinh-la-gi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/tino.vn\/blog\/ngon-ngu-lap-trinh-la-gi\/","title":{"rendered":"Ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh l\u00e0 g\u00ec? Nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n 5 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh \u201chot\u201d nh\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n nay"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

B\u1ea1n \u0111\u00e3 bao gi\u1edd \u0111\u1eb7t c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi v\u00ec sao nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh l\u1ea1i vi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m, h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 giao ti\u1ebfp v\u1edbi m\u00e1y t\u00ednh b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o hay ch\u01b0a? Tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, gi\u1eefa nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh v\u00e0 m\u00e1y t\u00ednh c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c v\u1edbi nhau th\u00f4ng qua m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef chung – ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh.<\/strong>\n<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/a>Ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh l\u00e0 g\u00ec?<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

\n Tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u v\u1ec1 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh, Tino Group mu\u1ed1n nh\u1eafc l\u1ea1i kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn s\u00e2u s\u1eafc v\u00e0 tr\u1ef1c quan h\u01a1n. V\u1eady l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh l\u00e0 g\u00ec?\n<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i, m\u00e1y t\u00ednh ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean s\u1ef1 c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m (ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh m\u00e1y t\u00ednh). Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m, m\u00e1y t\u00ednh ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u1ed7 m\u00e1y \u201cr\u1ed7ng\u201d nh\u01b0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e0 thi\u1ebfu \u0111i linh h\u1ed3n v\u1eady. Th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng, m\u00e1y t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd ch\u1ea1y h\u1ec7 \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh, tr\u00f2 ch\u01a1i, tr\u00ecnh duy\u1ec7t,…, h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9.\n<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"ngon-ngu-lap-trinh-la-gi\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

L\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 vi\u1ebft ho\u1eb7c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh, ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m cho c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed. Ch\u00fang c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 m\u00e1y t\u00ednh, robot<\/a>, smartphone, tablet. Nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh l\u00e0 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u00e2u l\u1ec7nh c\u1ee7a ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n L\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh vi\u00ean s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ea1t thao t\u00e1c c\u1ee7a thu\u1eadt to\u00e1n. \u0110\u00e2y c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh con ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e3 h\u00f3a ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00e0nh ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef m\u00e1y t\u00ednh. T\u1ef1u trung, l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch b\u1ea1n gi\u00fap m\u00e1y t\u00ednh gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft m\u1ecdi v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1.\n<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/a>V\u1eady ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh l\u00e0 g\u00ec?<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\n Ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh hay Programming Language<\/strong> l\u00e0 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef c\u1ee7a m\u00e1y t\u00ednh, \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n gi\u00fap l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh vi\u00ean (nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n) giao ti\u1ebfp v\u1edbi m\u00e1y t\u00ednh. Ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t c\u00e1c k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i suy ngh\u0129 c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00e0nh ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef m\u00e0 m\u00e1y t\u00ednh hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a theo m\u1ed9t quy t\u1eafc ri\u00eang m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh vi\u00ean v\u00e0 m\u00e1y t\u00ednh m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn d\u1ea1ng.\n<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"ngon-ngu-lap-trinh-la-gi\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

<\/a>3 lo\u1ea1i ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\n N\u1ebfu con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 giao ti\u1ebfp v\u1edbi nhau b\u1eb1ng nhi\u1ec1u ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef kh\u00e1c nhau, v\u1eady m\u00e1y t\u00ednh c\u0169ng v\u1eady. Ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia th\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i kh\u00e1c nhau d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7. \u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t, ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i th\u00f4ng qua c\u1ea5p b\u1eadc: ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh c\u1ea5p th\u1ea5p, ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh c\u1ea5p trung v\u00e0 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh c\u1ea5p cao.\n<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/a>Ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh b\u1eadc th\u1ea5p (Low-level programming language)<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n

\n \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o m\u00e1y (0s and 1s) t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0o c\u00e1c m\u1ea1ch \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed. Ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh b\u1eadc th\u1ea5p c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea1y tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n tr\u00ecnh bi\u00ean d\u1ecbch ho\u1eb7c th\u00f4ng d\u1ecbch. Th\u1ebf n\u00ean, nh\u1eefng ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft b\u1eb1ng ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef m\u00e1y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea1y r\u1ea5t nhanh.\n<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"ngon-ngu-lap-trinh-la-gi\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

\n Ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh b\u1eadc th\u1ea5p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia l\u00e0m hai lo\u1ea1i: ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef m\u00e1y (Machine Language<\/strong>) v\u00e0 h\u1ee3p ng\u1eef (Assembly Language<\/strong>).\n<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/a>Ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef m\u00e1y<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n

\n C\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 m\u00e3 m\u00e1y ho\u1eb7c m\u00e3 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng nh\u1ecb ph\u00e2n ho\u1eb7c th\u1eadp l\u1ee5c ph\u00e2n (c\u01a1 s\u1ed1 16). Cho ph\u00e9p l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh vi\u00ean ch\u1ea1y ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n th\u00f4ng d\u1ecbch v\u00ec m\u00e1y t\u00ednh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.\n<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/a>H\u1ee3p ng\u1eef<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n

\n \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf cho c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 x\u1eed l\u00fd c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3. H\u1ee3p ng\u1eef l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn \u1edf d\u1ea1ng bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. \u0110\u1ec3 m\u00e1y t\u00ednh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh vi\u00ean c\u1ea7n s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng tr\u00ecnh th\u00f4ng d\u1ecbch \u0111\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i h\u1ee3p ng\u1eef sang ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef m\u00e1y. \u01afu \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a h\u1ee3p ng\u1eef l\u00e0 c\u1ea7n \u00edt b\u1ed9 nh\u1edb v\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian th\u1ef1c thi ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh kh\u00e1 nhanh.\n<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/a>Ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh c\u1ea5p trung (Middle-level programming language)<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n

\n Ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh c\u1ea5p trung c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh trung gian ho\u1eb7c ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef gi\u1ea3. Ch\u00fang v\u1eeba s\u1edf h\u1eefu c\u00e1c t\u00ednh n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh c\u1ea5p cao, v\u1eeba li\u00ean quan ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef m\u00e1y. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh c\u1ea5p trung th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1eb7p l\u00e0: C, C ++.\n<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/a>Ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh c\u1ea5p cao (High-level programming language)<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n

\n \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch v\u00e0 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh vi\u00ean. Ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh c\u1ea5p cao s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m v\u00e0 trang web th\u00e2n thi\u1ec7n v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng. \u0110\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c thi ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh, l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh vi\u00ean c\u1ea7n chuy\u1ec3n ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh c\u1ea5p cao sang ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef m\u00e1y b\u1eb1ng tr\u00ecnh bi\u00ean d\u1ecbch ho\u1eb7c th\u00f4ng d\u1ecbch.\n<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"ngon-ngu-lap-trinh-la-gi\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

\n \u0110i\u1ec3m c\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh c\u1ea5p cao l\u00e0 d\u1ec5 vi\u1ebft, d\u1ec5 \u0111\u1ecdc v\u00e0 d\u1ec5 b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh c\u1ea5p cao ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn l\u00e0: Python, Java, JavaScript, PHP, C#, C ++, Cbol,… Ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh c\u1ea5p cao \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia th\u00e0nh 3 lo\u1ea1i:\n<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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