{"id":15676,"date":"2023-03-18T16:50:00","date_gmt":"2023-03-18T09:50:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blog.tinohost.com\/?p=720"},"modified":"2025-06-11T15:34:57","modified_gmt":"2025-06-11T08:34:57","slug":"he-dieu-hanh-linux-la-gi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/tino.vn\/blog\/he-dieu-hanh-linux-la-gi\/","title":{"rendered":"Linux l\u00e0 g\u00ec? T\u1ed5ng quan ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 h\u1ec7 \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh Linux"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

C\u00f9ng v\u1edbi Windows v\u00e0 MacOs, Linux l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng h\u1ec7 \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi hi\u1ec7n nay. Tuy nhi\u00ean, v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng, h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 nghe \u0111\u1ebfn Linux ch\u1ee9 ch\u01b0a th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 hi\u1ec7u \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh n\u00e0y nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o. V\u1eady h\u1ec7 \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh Linux l\u00e0 g\u00ec? C\u00f3 \u01b0u v\u00e0 khuy\u1ebft \u0111i\u1ec3m ra sao? C\u00e1c b\u1ea1n h\u00e3y c\u00f9ng Tino Group t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 h\u01a1n qua b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft sau \u0111\u00e2y nh\u00e9!<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

H\u1ec7 \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh Linux l\u00e0 g\u00ec?<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m h\u1ec7 \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh Linux<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Linux <\/strong>l\u00e0 t\u00ean g\u1ecdi c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh m\u00e1y t\u00ednh v\u00e0 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 t\u00ean h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 do c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n m\u1edf<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef “Linux<\/strong>” \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 nh\u00e2n Linux.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Linux c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5n r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i \u0111\u1ec3 mi\u00eau t\u1ea3 t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3 m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 Unix (c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn d\u01b0\u1edbi t\u00ean GNU\/Linux<\/a>) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra b\u1edfi vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3i nh\u00e2n Linux c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 GNU, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n ph\u00e2n ph\u1ed1i Linux. Ng\u00e0y nay, Linux \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n ra l\u00e0m nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e1nh nh\u01b0: Ubuntu<\/a>, Linux Mint<\/a>, Fedora<\/a>\u2026 \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng th\u00f4ng d\u1ee5ng nh\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n nay \u0111ang l\u00e0 Ubuntu.<\/p>\n\n\n

\n
\"he-dieu-hanh-linux-la-gi\"<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n

L\u1ecbch s\u1eed ra \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a  h\u1ec7 \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh Linux<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Cha \u0111\u1ebb c\u1ee7a Linux l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u1ea7n Lan – nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc m\u00e1y t\u00ednh Linus Torvalds<\/a>.  <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n Linux \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00f4ng vi\u1ebft v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1991, khi ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t sinh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Helsinki<\/strong>.  Trong 3 n\u0103m l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c mi\u1ec7t m\u00e0i, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 cho ra \u0111\u1eddi phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n Linux 1.0 v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1994, \u0111\u1eb7t n\u1ec1n m\u00f3ng cho s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh Linux hi\u1ec7n nay. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

H\u1ec7 \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh Linux \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o?<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

M\u1ecdi phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh Linux \u0111\u1ec1u qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee9ng, kh\u1edfi ch\u1ea1y v\u00e0 x\u1eed l\u00fd c\u00e1c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 cung c\u1ea5p m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 d\u1ea1ng giao di\u1ec7n ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng. Nh\u1edd c\u00f3 c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 v\u00e0 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n, Linux g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e2m nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o c\u00e1c t\u00e1c v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c m\u00e1y t\u00ednh. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, Linux \u0111\u00e3 n\u1ed5i l\u00ean nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn cho c\u00e1c m\u00e1y ch\u1ee7 web<\/a> nh\u01b0 Apache<\/a> v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1ea1ng, c\u00e1c t\u00e1c v\u1ee5 t\u00ednh to\u00e1n khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi c\u00e1c c\u1ee5m m\u00e1y t\u00ednh kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3, ch\u1ea1y c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u,..<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh kh\u00e1c, Linux c\u0169ng cung c\u1ea5p m\u1ed9t m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng trung gian \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 giao ti\u1ebfp v\u1edbi ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee9ng m\u00e1y t\u00ednh v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. B\u00ean c\u1ea1nh \u0111\u00f3, nh\u1edd \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n m\u1edf, h\u1ec7 \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh \u0111em l\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u s\u1ef1 tho\u1ea3i m\u00e1i h\u01a1n cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u00e1c l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh vi\u00ean, nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

H\u1ec7 \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh Linux ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng n\u00e0o?<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

B\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 ai c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng Linux. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ea1n c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac qua Linux, cho d\u00f9 b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 bi\u1ebft hay kh\u00f4ng. Theo m\u1ed9t kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t, c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ebfn 2\/3 s\u1ed1 trang web hi\u1ec7n nay \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o b\u1edfi c\u00e1c m\u00e1y ch\u1ee7 ch\u1ea1y Linux. Nhi\u1ec1u thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb m\u00e0 b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1edf h\u1eefu, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 \u0111i\u1ec7n tho\u1ea1i v\u00e0 m\u00e1y t\u00ednh b\u1ea3ng Android v\u00e0 Chromebook, thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb l\u01b0u tr\u1eef k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt s\u1ed1, m\u00e1y ghi video c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, m\u00e1y \u1ea3nh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ea1y Linux. Xe \u00f4 t\u00f4 c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n c\u0169ng c\u00f3 Linux ph\u00eda d\u01b0\u1edbi mui xe. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ngay c\u1ea3 Microsoft Windows<\/a> c\u0169ng c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan h\u1ec7 \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh n\u00e0y. C\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty v\u00e0 c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n ch\u1ecdn Linux cho m\u00e1y ch\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u00ec h\u1ec7 \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh n\u00e0y an to\u00e0n, linh ho\u1ea1t v\u00e0 nh\u1eadn nhi\u1ec1u h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 tuy\u1ec7t v\u1eddi t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng l\u1edbn ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng.<\/p>\n\n\n

\n
\"he-dieu-hanh-linux-la-gi\"<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n

\u01afu \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u00e0 h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh Linux<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

\u01afu \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh Linux<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

B\u1ea3n quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 chi ph\u00ed h\u1ee3p l\u00fd<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n

V\u1edbi b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n m\u1edf, Linux \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n “free<\/strong>” cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 m\u1ecdi d\u00f2ng code trong Linux. Trong khi \u0111\u00f3, Windows b\u1ea3n quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 b\u1ed9 Office<\/a> b\u1ea3n quy\u1ec1n s\u1ebd ph\u1ea3i m\u1ea5t kho\u1ea3ng v\u00e0i tri\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1edf h\u1eefu v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng Linux, b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng mi\u1ec5n ph\u00ed t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c t\u00ednh n\u0103ng k\u00e8m b\u1ed9 \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng  cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng v\u0103n ph\u00f2ng mi\u1ec5n ph\u00ed. H\u1ecdc t\u1eadp, xem phim, nghe nh\u1ea1c, chat…, m\u1ecdi ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i lo l\u1eafng g\u00ec v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n quy\u1ec1n n\u1eefa. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

H\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 t\u1ed1t cho l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh vi\u00ean – qu\u1ea3n tr\u1ecb m\u1ea1ng<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n

H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng Linux<\/strong> ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh, hi\u1ec7u n\u0103ng cao. Do \u0111\u00f3, Linux h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 t\u1ed1t cho nhi\u1ec1u c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi t\u00ednh \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng cao nh\u01b0 qu\u1ea3n tr\u1ecb m\u1ea1ng, l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh vi\u00ean.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

S\u1ef1 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt t\u00edch c\u1ef1c<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n

Linux cung c\u1ea5p d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt 24\/7 trong c\u1ea3 n\u0103m \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ecdi d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 k\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u01b0 Red Hat<\/a>, Novell <\/a>v\u00e0 Canonical <\/a>. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Linh ho\u1ea1t<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n

N\u1ebfu hi\u1ec3u s\u00e2u v\u1ec1 Linux, b\u1ea1n ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng ch\u1ec9nh s\u1eeda theo \u00fd m\u00ecnh. Linux \u0111\u00fang l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng cho c\u00e1c l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh vi\u00ean c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00ec Linux mang l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u00edch v\u1edbi r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00e1c nhau.<\/p>\n\n\n

\n
\"he-dieu-hanh-linux-la-gi\"<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n

Giao di\u1ec7n phong ph\u00fa<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n

V\u1edbi Linux, giao di\u1ec7n ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi v\u1edbi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng l\u00f5i. Do \u0111\u00f3, b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed5i m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng giao di\u1ec7n m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n lo l\u1eafng xem c\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i c\u00e0i l\u1ea1i ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh hay kh\u00f4ng. B\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tha h\u1ed3 ch\u1ecdn giao di\u1ec7n nh\u01b0 GNOME<\/a>, KDE<\/a> hay g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y h\u01a1n l\u00e0 Unity<\/a>. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0110\u1ed9 an to\u00e0n v\u1edbi kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng b\u1ea3o m\u1eadt, h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf s\u1ef1 t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c m\u00e3 \u0111\u1ed9c v\u00e0 virus cao<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n

N\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean Windows, nh\u1eefng con virus<\/a>, m\u00e3 \u0111\u1ed9c<\/a>, …lu\u00f4n l\u00e0 th\u1ee9 khi\u1ebfn b\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i ch\u1eadt v\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t th\u00ec Linux s\u1ebd mang l\u1ea1i cho b\u1ea1n c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c an to\u00e0n.  \u0110i\u1ec1u tuy\u1ec7t v\u1eddi l\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 b\u1ecdn ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ean n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng n\u00e0y. C\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 x\u00f3a khi th\u1ea5y b\u1ecdn ch\u00fang trong USB hay \u1ed5 c\u1ee9ng di \u0111\u1ed9ng (\u1ed5 c\u1ee9ng SSD<\/a>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ed1t ngay c\u1ea3 tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng m\u00e1y t\u00ednh c\u00f3 c\u1ea5u h\u00ecnh y\u1ebfu <\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n

Th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng, m\u1ed9t phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00e2ng c\u1ea5p s\u1ebd k\u00e8m theo y\u00eau c\u1ea7u ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee9ng c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00e2ng l\u00ean theo. V\u1eady trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u1ea5u h\u00ecnh m\u00e1y t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n m\u1edbi th\u00ec sao? <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Linux s\u1ebd gi\u00fap b\u1ea1n tr\u00e1nh kh\u1ecfi nh\u1eefng lo l\u1eafng \u0111\u00f3. V\u1edbi s\u1ef1 n\u00e2ng c\u1ea5p, h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean t\u1eeb c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh, Linux t\u1ef1 tin ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u01b0\u1ee3t m\u00e0 v\u00e0 c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh ngay c\u1ea3 tr\u00ean c\u00e1c m\u00e1y t\u00ednh c\u00f3 c\u1ea5u h\u00ecnh th\u1ea5p. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

H\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

B\u00ean c\u1ea1nh nh\u1eefng \u01b0u \u0111i\u1ec3m \u1edf tr\u00ean, Linux v\u1eabn c\u00f2n m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111i\u1ec3m h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf:<\/p>\n\n\n\n