{"id":61773,"date":"2025-06-17T16:36:20","date_gmt":"2025-06-17T09:36:20","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/wiki.tino.org\/staging\/?p=61773"},"modified":"2025-06-17T16:36:20","modified_gmt":"2025-06-17T09:36:20","slug":"dia-chi-ip-la-gi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/tino.vn\/blog\/dia-chi-ip-la-gi\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0110\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 IP l\u00e0 g\u00ec? C\u00e1ch xem \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 IP chi ti\u1ebft A-Z"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

\u0110\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 IP l\u00e0 thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef r\u1ea5t ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111am m\u00ea c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 m\u00e1y t\u00ednh v\u00e0 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt s\u1ed1. Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0y \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng trong vi\u1ec7c gi\u00fap c\u00e1c m\u00e1y t\u00ednh li\u00ean l\u1ea1c, truy\u1ec1n tin v\u1edbi nhau tr\u00ean internet<\/a> ho\u1eb7c m\u1ed9t m\u1ea1ng n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9. Trong b\u00e0i h\u00f4m nay, Tino Group s\u1ebd c\u00f9ng b\u1ea1n t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 IP l\u00e0 g\u00ec c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1ch xem \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 IP chi ti\u1ebft.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0110\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 IP l\u00e0 g\u00ec?<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

\u0110\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 IP<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u0110i\u0323a chi\u0309 IP (Internet Protocol) <\/strong>l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t giao th\u1ee9c Internet \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01a1n nh\u1ea5t cho nh\u1eefng thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed nh\u01b0 \u0111i\u1ec7n tho\u1ea1i, laptop hi\u1ec7n nay c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n v\u00e0 li\u00ean l\u1ea1c v\u1edbi nhau tr\u00ean m\u1ea1ng m\u00e1y t\u00ednh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

V\u1ec1 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n, c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb c\u1ee9ng trong m\u1ed9t m\u1ea1ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i v\u00e0 giao ti\u1ebfp v\u1edbi nhau khi c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 IP v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 IP l\u00e0 duy nh\u1ea5t. B\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n, IP gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 nh\u00e0, c\u00f4ng ty hay doanh nghi\u1ec7p v\u1eady. Tuy nhi\u00ean, \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 IP n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u00e0 s\u1ebd thay \u0111\u1ed5i theo t\u1eebng m\u1ea1ng c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3.<\/p>\n\n\n

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\"dia-chi-ip-la-gi\"<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n

V\u00ed d\u1ee5 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0110\u1ec3 g\u1eedi m\u1ed9t ki\u1ec7n h\u00e0ng cho ai \u0111\u00f3, b\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1eadn. Sau \u0111\u00f3, b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd tra c\u1ee9u danh s\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 kh\u00e1c nhau c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n b\u00e8 v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00e2n r\u1ed3i ghi \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 l\u00ean t\u1eebng b\u01b0u ki\u1ec7n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Quy tr\u00ecnh g\u1eedi d\u1eef li\u1ec7u qua m\u1ea1ng c\u0169ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. Tuy nhi\u00ean, thay v\u00ec th\u00f4ng qua m\u1ed9t danh s\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 IP, m\u00e1y t\u00ednh s\u1ebd s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c m\u00e1y ch\u1ee7 DNS<\/a> t\u00ecm t\u00ean m\u00e1y r\u1ed3i sau \u0111\u00f3 m\u1edbi t\u00ecm ra \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 IP thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb \u0111\u00f3. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 khi b\u1ea1n nh\u1eadp m\u1ed9t trang web v\u00e0o tr\u00ecnh duy\u1ec7t (abc.com), y\u00eau c\u1ea7u t\u1ea3i trang n\u00e0y s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1eedi \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c m\u00e1y ch\u1ee7 DNS \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm t\u00ean m\u00e1y ch\u1ee7 (abc.com) v\u00e0 t\u00ecm ra \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 IP t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng. N\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 IP \u0111\u00ednh k\u00e8m, m\u00e1y t\u00ednh s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u00f4ng tin \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nguy\u00ean l\u00fd ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a<\/strong> \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 IP<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u0110\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 IP l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t m\u00e3 s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh danh c\u00f3 d\u1ea1ng chu\u1ed7i s\u1ed1 v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n t\u00e1ch b\u1eb1ng d\u1ea5u ch\u1ea5m. Trong \u0111\u00f3, m\u1ed7i t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p s\u1ed1 lu\u00f4n n\u1eb1m trong kho\u1ea3ng t\u1eeb 0 \u0111\u1ebfn 255. T\u1ee9c l\u00e0 ph\u1ea1m vi c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 IP \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 l\u00e0 t\u1eeb 0.0.0.0 \u0111\u1ebfn 255.255.255.255<\/em>. V\u00ed d\u1ee5: M\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 IP c\u00f3 d\u1ea1ng 192.158.1.38. \u0110\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 IP n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia th\u00e0nh hai ph\u1ea7n l\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ea1ng (192.168) v\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n m\u00e1y ch\u1ee7 (1.1). Ph\u1ea7n m\u1ea1ng gi\u00fap c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ecbnh tuy\u1ebfn x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb thu\u1ed9c m\u1ea1ng n\u00e0o, v\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n m\u00e1y ch\u1ee7 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 trong m\u1ea1ng \u0111\u00f3.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

D\u1eef li\u1ec7u g\u1eedi qua internet s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c g\u00f3i nh\u1ecf. M\u1ed7i g\u00f3i ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 IP ngu\u1ed3n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 IP \u0111\u00edch. C\u00e1c b\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ecbnh tuy\u1ebfn trong m\u1ea1ng \u0111\u1ecdc c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 IP n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh g\u1eedi g\u00f3i d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2u ti\u1ebfp theo. Ch\u00fang s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng b\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh tuy\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a ra quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh, b\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh tuy\u1ebfn c\u00f3 vai tr\u00f2 ch\u1ec9 ra c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn c\u00e1c m\u1ea1ng kh\u00e1c nhau.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C\u00e1c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb tr\u00ean m\u1ea1ng c\u1ee5c b\u1ed9 (nh\u01b0 m\u1ea1ng nh\u00e0 b\u1ea1n) c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 IP c\u1ee5c b\u1ed9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong m\u1ea1ng \u0111\u00f3. Th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng, c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u00e1n b\u1edfi b\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ecbnh tuy\u1ebfn s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng giao th\u1ee9c DHCP<\/a>. \u0110\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 IP c\u1ee5c b\u1ed9 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 truy c\u1eadp tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp t\u1eeb internet. \u0110\u1ec3 giao ti\u1ebfp b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i m\u1ea1ng c\u1ee5c b\u1ed9, c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb s\u1ebd ph\u1ea3i s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 IP c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5p b\u1edfi nh\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 internet (ISP<\/a>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nhi\u1ec1u h\u1ed9 gia \u0111\u00ecnh v\u00e0 doanh nghi\u1ec7p s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 IP c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng duy nh\u1ea5t cho nhi\u1ec1u thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb trong m\u1ea1ng c\u1ee5c b\u1ed9. NAT l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt cho ph\u00e9p nhi\u1ec1u thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb chia s\u1ebb m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 IP c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng duy nh\u1ea5t. B\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ecbnh tuy\u1ebfn gi\u1eef th\u00f4ng tin v\u1ec1 thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb n\u00e0o y\u00eau c\u1ea7u d\u1eef li\u1ec7u n\u00e0o v\u00e0 d\u1ecbch c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 IP c\u1ee5c b\u1ed9 th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 IP c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng khi g\u1eedi d\u1eef li\u1ec7u tr\u00ean internet.<\/p>\n\n\n

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\"dia-chi-ip-la-gi\"<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n

C\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 IP<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

IP ri\u00eang \u2013 IP Private<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n

IP ri\u00eang hay IP c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n<\/strong> l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i IP ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong m\u1ed9t m\u1ea1ng (c\u00f4ng ty, tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc ho\u1eb7c gia \u0111\u00ecnh). C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 IP n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng th\u00ea\u0309 k\u00ea\u0301t n\u00f4\u0301i v\u01a1\u0301i ma\u0323ng Internet m\u00e0 chi\u0309 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng thi\u00ea\u0301t bi\u0323 trong ma\u0323ng m\u01a1\u0301i co\u0301 th\u00ea\u0309 giao ti\u00ea\u0301p v\u01a1\u0301i nhau th\u00f4ng qua b\u00f4\u0323 \u0111i\u0323nh tuy\u00ea\u0301n router. Ba\u0323n co\u0301 th\u00ea\u0309 t\u1ef1 thi\u00ea\u0301t l\u00e2\u0323p \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 IP ri\u00eang theo ca\u0301ch thu\u0309 c\u00f4ng ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ecbnh tuy\u1ebfn thi\u1ebft l\u1eb7p s\u1eb5n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

IP c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng – IP Public<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n

\u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 IP \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1edfi nh\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 Internet (ISP) nh\u1eb1m m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch chuy\u1ec3n \u0111i c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u Internet \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t gia \u0111\u00ecnh ho\u1eb7c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3. Sau \u0111\u00f3, \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 IP n\u00e0y s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u01b0\u0309 du\u0323ng \u0111\u00ea\u0309 li\u00ean la\u0323c v\u01a1\u0301i ca\u0301c thi\u00ea\u0301t bi\u0323 k\u00ea\u0301t n\u00f4\u0301i Internet, cho phe\u0301p ca\u0301c thi\u00ea\u0301t bi\u0323 trong ma\u0323ng li\u00ean la\u0323c tr\u01b0\u0323c ti\u00ea\u0301p v\u01a1\u0301i nhau.<\/p>\n\n\n

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\"dia-chi-ip-la-gi\"<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n

IP t\u0129nh – IP Static<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n

\u0110\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 IP n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ec3 d\u00e0nh ri\u00eang cho m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi ho\u1eb7c nh\u00f3m ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng v\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i Internet c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 IP. Th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng, IP t\u0129nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5p cho m\u1ed9t m\u00e1y ch\u1ee7 nh\u01b0 m\u00e1y ch\u1ee7 web, email<\/a>,\u2026 \u0111\u1ec3 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 truy c\u1eadp m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m gi\u00e1n \u0111o\u1ea1n c\u00e1c qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

IP \u0111\u1ed9ng – IP Dynamic<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n

\u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 \u0111i\u0323a chi\u0309 IP cu\u0309a ma\u0301y ti\u0301nh co\u0301 th\u00ea\u0309 thay \u0111\u00f4\u0309i. N\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u1ea7n d\u00f9ng IP t\u0129nh, b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ISP <\/a>g\u00e1n cho c\u00e1c IP kh\u00e1c nhau sau m\u1ed7i l\u1ea7n k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i. Vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng IP \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ISP nh\u1eb1m m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch ti\u1ebft ki\u1ec7m ngu\u1ed3n \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 IP \u0111ang c\u1ea1n ki\u1ec7t hi\u1ec7n nay.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i v\u00e0o m\u1ea1ng Internet, ISP s\u1ebd s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng IP \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea5p cho m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C\u00e1c phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 IP<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Hi\u1ec7n nay, c\u00f3 hai phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 IP: IPv4 <\/a>(Internet Protocol version 4) v\u00e0 IPv6 <\/a>(Internet Protocol version 6). <\/p>\n\n\n\n

IPv4 (Internet Protocol version 4)<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n