{"id":72533,"date":"2023-07-25T08:42:31","date_gmt":"2023-07-25T01:42:31","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/wiki.tino.org\/staging\/?p=72533"},"modified":"2024-02-06T09:39:10","modified_gmt":"2024-02-06T02:39:10","slug":"gnu-la-gi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/tino.vn\/blog\/gnu-la-gi\/","title":{"rendered":"GNU l\u00e0 g\u00ec? T\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u chi ti\u1ebft v\u1ec1 h\u1ec7 \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh GNU\/Linux"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng, GNU l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a phong tr\u00e0o m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n m\u1edf. \u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi Linux <\/a>\u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o n\u00ean m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd, \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n mi\u1ec5n ph\u00ed c\u00f3 t\u00ean GNU\/Linux. V\u1eady c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 GNU l\u00e0 g\u00ec? C\u00e1c b\u1ea1n h\u00e3y c\u00f9ng Tino Group t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u qua b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft h\u00f4m nay nh\u00e9!<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u1ed5ng quan v\u1ec1 GNU<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

GNU l\u00e0 g\u00ec?<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

GNU<\/strong> (GNU’s Not Unix) l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t d\u1ef1 \u00e1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1edfi Richard Stallman<\/a> v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1983. M\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u1ee7a d\u1ef1 \u00e1n n\u00e0y l\u00e0 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n t\u1ef1 do, m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n m\u1edf v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o h\u1ec7 \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh Unix (d\u00f9 v\u1eabn t\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u00edch).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

GNU quan tr\u1ecdng trong vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a l\u1ea1i quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m. Theo d\u1ef1 \u00e1n, ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do ch\u1ea1y, sao ch\u00e9p, ph\u00e2n ph\u1ed1i, nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u00e0 c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec1u d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c truy c\u1eadp v\u00e0o m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n c\u1ee7a ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m v\u00e0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n \u0111\u00f3 theo m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

D\u1ef1 \u00e1n GNU \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m m\u1edf, bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c ti\u1ec7n \u00edch d\u00f2ng l\u1ec7nh, tr\u00ecnh bi\u00ean d\u1ecbch, tr\u00ecnh so\u1ea1n th\u1ea3o v\u0103n b\u1ea3n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3. Tuy nhi\u00ean, \u0111\u1ec3 ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n h\u1ec7 \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh GNU, c\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t kernel (h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n) \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee9ng v\u00e0 l\u00e0m cho h\u1ec7 \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u00fd do v\u00ec sao Linux, m\u1ed9t kernel \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t b\u1edfi Linus Torvalds<\/a> \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi GNU \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh h\u1ec7 \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh GNU\/Linux – m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng ng\u00e0y nay.<\/p>\n\n\n

\n
\"gnu-la-gi\"
GNU l\u00e0 g\u00ec?<\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n

L\u1ecbch s\u1eed ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a GNU<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

V\u00e0o n\u0103m 1983, Richard Stallman \u0111\u00e3 ra m\u1eaft d\u1ef1 \u00e1n GNU v\u1edbi m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n m\u1edf, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o Unix.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Richard Stallman v\u00e0 nh\u00f3m c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 v\u00e0 \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m trong d\u1ef1 \u00e1n GNU. C\u00e1c ti\u1ec7n \u00edch d\u00f2ng l\u1ec7nh nh\u01b0 GCC (GNU Compiler Collection) v\u00e0 Emacs (m\u1ed9t tr\u00ecnh so\u1ea1n th\u1ea3o v\u0103n b\u1ea3n m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd) \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra \u0111\u1ec3 thay th\u1ebf c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 Unix.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh GNU l\u00e0 kernel. Ban \u0111\u1ea7u, d\u1ef1 \u00e1n s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng kernel Mach, nh\u01b0ng sau \u0111\u00f3, nh\u00f3m ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kernel ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Hurd (Hird of Unix-Replacing Daemons)<\/a>. Tuy nhi\u00ean, vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n Hurd g\u1eb7p nhi\u1ec1u kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n v\u00e0 ch\u01b0a th\u1ec3 ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n l\u00fac b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

V\u00e0o nh\u1eefng n\u0103m \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a th\u1eadp k\u1ef7 1990, Linus Torvalds \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kernel Linux v\u00e0 \u0111\u0103ng t\u1ea3i m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n c\u00f4ng khai. Khi k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p kernel Linux v\u1edbi c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 v\u00e0 \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng GNU v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2012, ta c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ec7 \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh GNU\/Linux. C\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng GNU ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p, ph\u00e1t h\u00e0nh c\u00e1c phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n v\u00e0 b\u1ea3n v\u00e1 m\u1edbi, gi\u1eef cho h\u1ec7 \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh GNU\/Linux lu\u00f4n \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

GNU\/Linux l\u00e0 g\u00ec?<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

GNU\/Linux l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a hai th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 GNU v\u00e0 Linux<\/a>. S\u1ef1 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh \u0111a n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng, m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd v\u00e0 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i tr\u00ean nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb v\u00e0 m\u00e1y t\u00ednh, t\u1eeb m\u00e1y t\u00ednh c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n cho \u0111\u1ebfn m\u00e1y ch\u1ee7 v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb di \u0111\u1ed9ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

GNU\/Linux n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng v\u1edbi t\u00ednh b\u1ea3o m\u1eadt cao, hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u00f9y ch\u1ec9nh linh ho\u1ea1t. Do \u0111\u00f3, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng, doanh nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n m\u1edf tr\u00ean to\u00e0n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. Vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n m\u1edf trong GNU\/Linux c\u0169ng t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i cho c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 tham gia v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn li\u00ean t\u1ee5c h\u1ec7 \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh n\u00e0y, g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0a c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 th\u00f4ng tin ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n\n\n

\n
\"lich-su-phat-trien-cua-gnu\"
L\u1ecbch s\u1eed ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a GNU<\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n

GNU\/Linux \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o?<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

H\u1ec7 \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh m\u00e1y t\u00ednh c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n

GNU\/Linux \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng l\u00e0m h\u1ec7 \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh cho m\u00e1y t\u00ednh c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00e0i \u0111\u1eb7t GNU\/Linux nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh \u0111\u01a1n l\u1ebb ho\u1eb7c song song v\u1edbi h\u1ec7 \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh kh\u00e1c (v\u00ed d\u1ee5: Windows<\/a>) tr\u00ean c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t m\u00e1y t\u00ednh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00e1y ch\u1ee7<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n

GNU\/Linux l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u cho m\u00e1y ch\u1ee7 v\u1edbi t\u00ednh b\u1ea3o m\u1eadt, hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng x\u1eed l\u00fd t\u1ea3i cao. H\u1ec7 \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 cung c\u1ea5p c\u00e1c d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 web server<\/a>, database server<\/a>, mail server <\/a>v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00e1y t\u00ednh \u0111\u00e1m m\u00e2y (Cloud Computing)<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n

GNU\/Linux l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng h\u1ec7 \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong c\u00e1c d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 \u0111\u00e1m m\u00e2y, nh\u01b0 AWS <\/a>(Amazon Web Services), Google Cloud Platform<\/a> v\u00e0 Microsoft Azure<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb di \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n

GNU\/Linux c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 h\u1ec7 \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh di \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u01b0 Android, m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn cho \u0111i\u1ec7n tho\u1ea1i th\u00f4ng minh v\u00e0 m\u00e1y t\u00ednh b\u1ea3ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 IoT (Internet of Things)<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n

GNU\/Linux c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb IoT<\/a> nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb th\u00f4ng minh, m\u00e1y \u0111o v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n, c\u1ea3m bi\u1ebfn v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng kh\u00e1c trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u00f3a v\u00e0 IoT.<\/p>\n\n\n

\n
\"gnu-linux-duoc-su-dung-nhu-the-nao\"
GNU\/Linux \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o?<\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n

H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng nh\u00fang (Embedded Systems)<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n

GNU\/Linux l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng nh\u00fang nh\u01b0 router, modem, camera an ninh, thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed gia d\u1ee5ng th\u00f4ng minh v\u00e0 c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb nh\u00fang kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n

GNU\/Linux cung c\u1ea5p m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd v\u00e0 \u0111a d\u1ea1ng. H\u1ec7 \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh v\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nh\u01b0 tr\u00ecnh bi\u00ean d\u1ecbch, tr\u00ecnh g\u1ee1 l\u1ed7i, tr\u00ecnh qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c v\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n

GNU\/Linux \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c v\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ec3 cung c\u1ea5p m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp v\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 cho sinh vi\u00ean, h\u1ecdc sinh v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C\u00e1c b\u1ea3n ph\u00e2n ph\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a GNU\/Linux<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n